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Lo "stipendium" legionario da 75 denari
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by Luigi PEDRONI. — Dans cet article, on présente quelques observations sur le "stipendium" des légionnaires romains au IIIe siècle av. J.-C., basées sur la constatation que ses différentes augmentations in époque tardo-republicaine et l’impériale sont modulés sur la somme de 75 asses. On peut supposer, donc, que le chiffre de 75 avait pris valeur standard à partir du moment où le stipendium…
 
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Bemerkungen zu den karischen Personennamen aus Borsippa
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by Zsolt SIMON. — Cet article présente une enquête critique du matériau onomastique des Cariens dans la ville de Borsippa, y compris de…
 
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Two toponyms with abrupt spellings in Middle Elamite inscriptions
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by Jan TAVERNIER. — L’article fait une étude de deux toponymes attestés dans des inscriptions du roi médio-élamite Šilhak-Inšušinak I. Les deux toponymes contiennent une orthographie…
 
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Les rameuses du roi Snéfrou
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by Claude VANDERSLEYEN. — In this short contribution the lector finds a new interpretation of stories from the papyrus Westcar relating…
 
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« Personne ne remplissait la grange de Kubaba ». L’accumulation des céréales dans les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques des seigneurs locaux néo-hittites
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by Maria Elena BALZA. — After the collapse of the Hittite state, the transition from the Bronze to the Iron Age in Southern Anatolia and Northern Syria brings with it a set of socio-economic and political transformations that also affect the royal ideology…
 
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Il processo redazionale della corrispondenza egizio-ittita
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by Violetta CORDANI. — With more than 100 letters, the Hittite-Egyptian correspondence provided scholars with a gold mine of information on various aspects of the Late Bronze Age diplomacy. This article analyzes the redactional phases that led to the composition of this corpus…
 
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« Digne d’en rire ». Une célébration des Mithrakāna devant Cyrus et Alexandre les Grands ?
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by Gilles COURTIEU. — The celebration of the Mithrakāna, known today as Mehragān, is the second in relevance in the Mazdaean calendar. Yet heretofore evidence about it was scarce and scattered, so very little was known as regards the nature of such cult and its connection to the Avestic texts…
 
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Naissance et essor d’un centre démographique en Dalmatie. La population de Burnum entre le Ier et le VIe siècle ap. J.‑C.
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by Hélène GLOGOWSKI. — Archaeological surveys and excavation carried out in Burnum, Dalmatia, revealed part of the plan of the ancient site and made it possible to understand the different phases of its development…
 
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Rituale Hethaeorum
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by René LEBRUN. — In this article, the lector finds a short study of fragments dating from the final period of the Hittite Empire (end of the 13th century B.C.)…
 
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À propos du grec ΣΤΕΦΩ
Michel MASSON. — The etymology of στέφω is controversial. This article endeavors to give an account of the different theories and opens up some new prospects.
 
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Darius II Ochos et les quatre fonctions indo-européennes. Valère maxime, faits et dits mémorables, IX 2 Ext. 6
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by Marcel MEULDER. — Valerius Maximus, by citing one of the executions by which Darius Ochus, Cyrus’ and Artaxerxes’ father, subjects his political opponents, gives a new perspective to the Iranian religion during the last quarter of the fifth century b. C…
 
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La violence, le mal et l’agressivité dans la civilisation de l’Égypte pharaonique. Enquêtes dans les corpus funéraires et analyse des vocables et pictogrammes hiéroglyphiques (3000-1580 av. notre ère)
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by Michel-Alain MOMBO. — This research work puts a synoptic look on three words forming a whole in all the phases of Pharaonic Égypt history. Those words are violence, wrong (evil) and aggressiveness…
 
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Ḫakpiš, la prima “Sekundogenitur” di Ḫatti ? Considerazioni sul rapporto giuridico di Ḫattušili con Muwatalli e Urḫi-Teššup/Muršili III sulla base di CTH 81
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by Marta PALLAVIDINI. — The so-called Apology of Ḫattušili III (CTH 81) is one of the most studied Hittite cuneiform documents, both its “historical” content and its apologetic rhetoric…
 
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L’initiation de Diomède dans l’Iliade (Chants 5-6)
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by Éric RAIMOND. — Diomedes aristeia in the Iliad 5 and the Meeting between the Achean Hero and Prince Glaucus of Lycia, that introduces the tale of Belleropho, may be interpreted, in a symbolic view, as initiatic path of an Homeric superhuman…
 
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Tablette cunéiforme UR III
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by Marie-Christine RAMAEKERS HUE. — Transliteration and translation of a small commercial tablet from Ur III, dated to the destruction of Zabshali…
 
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Iscrizioni in antico ligure presso Campiglia (La Spezia)
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by Adolfo ZAVARONI, Stefano MEZZANI. — In this paper, the Authors present 6 of out 34 inscriptions in ancient Ligurian found near Campiglia (La Spezia) in the course of a research started in 2016 in the provinces of La Spezia and Massa-Carrara…
 
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by René LEBRUN. — In this contribution, the reader will find the fundamental place occupied by women in the exercise of worship in ancient Anatolia…
 
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by Herman J.J. MOORS. — Both the enigmatic biblical term šônîm (Prov 24:21), apparently a plural, and its Ugaritic equivalent šnm, are etymologically related to Arabic sanima, “to be high, gibbous.”…
 
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by Marta PALLAVIDINI. — In this paper, I will analyze the metaphors related to the semantic field of sight that are present in the Hittite state treaties and I will demonstrate their relevance in the political-diplomatic discourse…
 
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by Éric RAIMOND. — The personnality of Goddess Leto is quite unknown, despite she is the sixth spouse of Zeus and one of the main victims of Hera…
 
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by Benedetta ROSSI and Philippe GUILLAUME. — An alternative approach to the so-called ‘law of the Hebrew slave’ in Deuteronomy 15:12-18 is presented, reading the verb מכר in verse 12 as a qal rather than as a nip‘al
 
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by Adolfo ZAVARONI. — The Author compares representations concerning tridactyl gods and gods with a wheel which were found in different places of Europe…
 
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by Djibril AGNE. — In this study, age structures in traditional African education are used in the illumination of the senses of ἀγέλη and ἴλη in Sparta…
 
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Mattias KARLSSON. — This article investigates the image of the Neo-Assyrian empire as multicultural by collecting, classifying, and analysing data derived from the prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian empire which focus on gentilics…
 
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by Pierre P. KOEMOTH. — If this Osiris of the jtf3 wr temple is proceeding from a liturgy shared with next temples celebrating the Seth’s destuction, an archaic relation with this dynastic shrine explains also his appearance in the royal jubilees festivities through the participation of Isis, a real innovation in this way…
 
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by Marcel MEULDER. — Peirôs, a Thracian warrior in the Ilias, has the same name as the Hittite rider god Pirwa. Some facts defend this assumption…
 
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by Danielle PORTE. — I want to show how, changing one letter when you read or write the name of some locality, you also change everything was established about the very evenements History had for a long time admitted as true realty and always in the same manner described…
 
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by Danielle PORTE. — As the description of details relative to Alesia (site, ways, battle a.s.a.) don’t fit to the realities offered by the official localisation (Alise sainte-Reine), main of archeologs, university professors and historian incrimine J. Cæsar’s text, which contains mistakes and lies…
 
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by Éric RAIMOND. — The number Nine is well-attested in many ancient myths…
 
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by Éric RAIMOND. — The number Nine is well-attested in many ancient myths…
 
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by Zsolt SIMON. — This paper argues that Lygdamis the Cimmerian cannot be identified as Tugdammî due to historical and chronological reasons…
 
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by Adolfo ZAVARONI. — L’auteur présente ici sept brèves inscriptions en ligure ancien trouvées dans cinq différents sites de l’Apennin proche de Reggio Emilia. Cinq d’entre elles sont caractérisées par des allusions aux fondements de la conception du monde des Ligures…
 
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Remarques annexes concernant l’accusatif en hittite dans le cadre des langues indo-européennes
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The reader finds in this contribution many remarks relating to the use of the accusativ in Hittite with connexions to other old Indo-european languages, such as Greek, Latin or Sanskrit.
 
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Le vieux-perse
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The article focuses on the Old Persian language, one of the two major Old Iranian languages. It is specifically known by the royal inscriptions of the Achaemenids, a dynasty that founded an Empire controlling all of the Ancient Near East (including Egypt) between c. 550-330 BC. Next to a discussion of the grammar of this language, the article also studies some text examples.
 
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Etimologia indoeuropea ed etimologia del sistema. Riflessioni sul lat. pontifex
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Dans le mot latin pontifex, l’élément ponti-, considéré en tant que « parcours » qui unit l’homme à la divinité, donnait à ce terme la signification de « celui qui ouvre, qui prépare un chemin ». C’était en effet le pontifex qui, pendant le rituel, était en mesure de réaliser ce contact. Une comparaison avec des textes indiens a montré que pontifex n’est pas une création du latin, l’image métaphorique a une origine bien plus ancienne qui remonte à la phase indo-européenne. Dans cet essai, on analyse la présence de cette métaphore dans les langues anatoliennes. Dans les rituels des Hittites, on parle souvent non seulement des chemins que la divinité parcourt pour assister à la cérémonie, mais c’est la formule même du célébrant qui est définie un pont.
 
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Le parti pris des vases. Étude eugubine (IIIe-IIe s. av. J.-C.)
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In the Tables of Gubbio, a very important place is given to the dishes, which obviously play the role of receptacle for products involved in the sacrifice, but also have a specific religious role. This study attempts to define the nature and function of each of the mentioned containers and their ritual use. They have not only to supply the cooking of the sacrifice with a whole set of varied dishes or pans, but also to present offerings to the gods in suited plates or cups. Moreover, the containers go with the gesture, support the prayer. By the play of their colours, they even express the ambiguity of particular contradictory gods and, more widely, reflects a universe made of opposites which the rite has to reconcile.
 
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Le sidétique et le pisidien
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This contribution offers a short presentation of the Pisidian and the Sidetic languages who, such as the Lycian, are direct heiresses to the Luwian language. Yet, the documentation relating to Pisidian and Sidetic remains scarce. At the end of the article the reader finds a comparative board between the Luwian (cuneiform and hieroglyphic) and the Lycian languages.
 
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La vie municipale et religieuse dans les cités du Nord de la Gaule
M.-Th. RAEPSAET-CHARLIER, G. RAEPSAET. — De romanisering van Gallië was een langdurig en moeizaam proces, dat nochtans ondersteund werd door een grondig uitgewerkte institutionele structuur en de aanwezigheid van troepen aan de grenzen, alsook door de integratie van de bevolking in de Romeinse beschaving die doorheen het hele Romeinse rijk handelsverkeer genereert…
 
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Les symboles divins solaires hittites. Circulation ou invention ?
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During Antiquity, Men live everyday the constant presence of the sun. Therfore their lifestyle is influenced by the sunlight and its positive heat. It could explain the fact that the Sun God becomes one of the main divinities. However civilizations from diverse regions of the Ancient Near East perceive the Sun in the same way. The representation is it invented in each place? Or is it broadcast a culture to another ? This concern centred on Anatolia is the heart of this paper that will attempt to highlight different points of view of the symbolism of the Solar divinity.
 

 

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L’apprentissage de la métrologie à Ougarit à la fin de l’âge du Bronze récent
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Within the lexicographic framework, the metrological texts in Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform discovered at Ras-Shamra provide a testimony for the formulation of metrological knowledge at Ugarit towards the end of the Late Bronze Age. I Have chosen to compare these data with the older material from Nippur and hope to show that the Ugaritic measures of content and surface show Old-Babylonian antecedents for some of their elements while others are of local origin.
 

 

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La littérature d'Ougarit, creuset de traditions venues d'outremer et d'outremonts
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The myths of Ras Shamra-Ugarit contain a western legacy illustrated by the gods Kôtharu wa Hasisu and Qadisu wa 'Amraru and related to the migration of skills. The eastern legacy is illustrated by the mythico-magic document “H˚oron and the snakes”, related to the transfers of knowledge. In the legends of Kirta and Aqhatu, several elements are related to the transmission of wisdom.
 

 

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La transmission de l'alphabet phénicien aux Grecs.  “Confrontation dialectique” des théories de B. B. Powell et de R. D. Woodard et synthèse de S.-T. Teodorsson
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Studies on the origin and development of the alphabet are very abundant: considering the last twenty years only, I listed more than thirty papers and monographs, which focus their attention on the mother script and antiquity of the Greek alphabet or the place and modalities of its transmission. In this paper, I shall comment three key theories, namely these of B.B. Powell (1991), related with Homeric epics, R.D. Woodard (1997), related with Cypriot syllabic writing, and S.-T. Teodorsson (2006), related with oriental literature. I chose them because they offer a global model of the alphabet’s historical reconstitution, which takes into consideration all parts of the question. Powell’s “Homer related” theory and Woodard’s, on a Cypriot origin, apparently completely opposed, seem to be combined to a certain degree by Teodorsson, who proposes a kind of compromise between literary influence and trade routes.
 

 

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Plato Ikhwanianus. Retour sur le récit platonicien de l'anneau de Gygès dans l'encyclopédie des Frères de la Pureté
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In the 52nd and last epistle of the Brethren of Purity, one finds a passage which is a very faithful translation of Plato’s famous narrative about the ring of Gyges. Taking into account the literality of the translation, the size of the passage (about 30 lines) and the precision of the reference made to the original text, it may fairly be assumed that it is a unicum in the history of the transmission of Plato to the Arab world. The purpose of this paper is to take up again this issue and try to bring up some new elements to the discussion.
 

 

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Le Platon arabe et les Sabéens de Harran. La "voie diffuse" de la transmission du platonisme en terre d'Islam
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In the absence of integral and litteral Arabic translations of Plato’s dialogues, the transmission of Platonism in the Muslim world was an indirect one, passing through different channels such as medical works, doxographies and gnomologies. The complexity and relative obscurity of this ‘voie diffuse’, in which according to Pierre Thillet oral transmission played an important role, led to all kinds of hazardous speculations about the existence of a Platonic Academy among the “Sabaens” in Ḥarrān, which was supposed to be still in activity in the Xth century. This article proposes a critical analysis of one of the most quoted “evidences” for this theory: al-Mas‘ūdī’s report about a Platonic inscription he claims to have seen on the door-knocker of the maǧma‘ of the Sabaeans in Ḥarrān. Rather than proving the existence of a “Platonic Academy” there, al-Mas‘ūdī offers us an eloquent illustration of the way Platonism was transmitted in the Muslim world.
 

 

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La migration du savoir entre les communautés : le cas de la littérature arabe chrétienne
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This paper addresses the important phenomenon of contacts and influences between the various religious communities of the pre-modern Near East in the field of the written heritage, and more particularly in that of Christian Arabic literature. The introduction discusses several examples of such interchange, on the one hand, between the various Christian communities (Melkites, Syrians, Copts) and between various language traditions (Syriac, Armenian, Coptic, Arabic) and on the other hand, between Christian and Muslim intellectual environments. The main part of the paper investigates the textual similarities that can be detected in the works of Sulaymān al-Ġazzī, Melkite bishop of Ghazza in the the tenth and eleventh centuries A.D., and the famous Epistles of the Iḫwān al-Ṣafā’ (Brethren of Purity). Some preliminary suggestions are given for the question as to how such similarities might have come about.
 

 

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L’influence du traité "Les airs, les eaux et les lieux" d’Hippocrate chez les penseurs arabes du Moyen Âge
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In this paper, I want to show the influence of the hippocratic treatise On airs, waters, places ((Περὶ ἀέρων, ὑδάτων, τόπων) and Galen’s commentary in particular, on the arabic scientific literature. Of course, we find it in medicine but also in geography. In this field, the Galen’s commentary of hippocratic text determined the base of the theory of geographical determinism, giving a conceptual structure (physic and even physiological) to the influence of the man’s environment. The mediaeval thinkers applied this theory to the humanity and in this context, the hippocratic opposition between Schythians and Egyptians is replaced by the one between Turks and Egyptians or Slaves and Blacks. They used it also to explain the physical constitution and the ethics of a specific population.
 
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De Baghdad à Cordoue : une migration de la tradition grammaticale arabe
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The Arabic Grammatical Tradition aims at studying the Kalâm-ʾl-ʿArab or “Language of the Arabs”, relying on texts written before 130/750. ʾAbû ʿAlî al-Qâlî (Manâzgird 280/893 – Cordoba 355/966), after having learnt Arabic grammar in Baghdad, has left the city in 328/939 for teaching in Cordoba from 330/941, applying the principles of Basra Grammatical School Tradition. He wrote several books, but one of them may be considered as typical for this Tradition : “The Book of Shortened and Extended Noun”, a critical edition of which has recently been published by Dr. al-Haridi. Al-Qâlî does no more regard “shortened noun” (ʾism maqṣûr) and “reduced noun” (ʾism manqûṣ) as synonymous as Ancient Grammarians did. In his view, a shortened noun is a noun where a /y/ or a /w/ is included as a radical. He looks for a main structural principle organizing grammatical rules, putting aside the nawâdir or unusual words. So that we may think about him as occupying an intermediary position between Ibn Sarrâǧ and Ibn Ǧinnî in the history of Arabic Grammatical Tradition.
 
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Migration des savoirs entre l’Elam et la Mésopotamie
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This article focuses on the transfer of knowledge and wisdom between Mesopotamia and Elam…
 

 

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La reconstruction culturelle du monde indo-européen et la question de l'Orient. Perspectives en contraste
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This article aims to deal with some aspects of cultural comparison and reconstruction in Indo-European studies. It also will address the question of the status of some comparisons and reconstructions, when the possibility of Oriental influence arises.
 

 

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Die 10. Tafel des ḫišuu̯a-Festes
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La fête ḫišuu̯a, composée dans la forme classique à l’ordre de la reine Puduḫepa, comprend treize tablettes. Dans cet article, la dixième tablette est traitée sur la base de tous les textes identifiés actuellement.
 
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Le nom de la mer Rouge en égyptien ancien
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In 1931 to designate the Red Sea in the egyptian texts, Spiegelberg could list seven names. Eighty years later,  none of them still has this signification. The basic meaning of the nun, wadj wer, the ym and its various combinations, is fresh water from Egypt, that is to say : from the Nile.
 
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